RankLab
Back to Concepts
MathsMediumClass 12

Shortest Distance Between Skew Lines

3D Geometry

16

JEE Qs

8%

Hard

60

min

Master vector algebra operations (dot and cross products) and correctly identify the components (a1, a2, b1, b2) for efficient and accurate calculation of shortest distance.

🧮 Key Formulas

For two skew lines L1: r = a1 + λb1 and L2: r = a2 + μb2, the shortest distance d = |(a2 - a1) . (b1 x b2)| / |b1 x b2|
For two parallel lines L1: r = a1 + λb and L2: r = a2 + μb, the shortest distance d = |(a2 - a1) x b| / |b|
For two skew lines L1: (x-x1)/l1 = (y-y1)/m1 = (z-z1)/n1 and L2: (x-x2)/l2 = (y-y2)/m2 = (z-z2)/n2, the shortest distance d = | [[x2-x1, y2-y1, z2-z1], [l1, m1, n1], [l2, m2, n2]] | / sqrt((m1*n2 - m2*n1)^2 + (n1*l2 - n2*l1)^2 + (l1*m2 - l2*m1)^2)

āœ… Key Points for JEE

  • 1Skew lines are lines in 3D space that are neither parallel nor intersecting (they are non-coplanar).
  • 2The shortest distance between two skew lines is the length of the unique common perpendicular segment between them.
  • 3The direction of the common perpendicular to lines with direction vectors b1 and b2 is parallel to the vector b1 x b2.
  • 4The shortest distance formula for skew lines is derived by projecting the position vector connecting any point on L1 to any point on L2 (e.g., a2 - a1) onto the direction of the common perpendicular (b1 x b2).
  • 5Always check if the given lines are parallel first (i.e., if b1 is parallel to b2, or cross product is zero); if they are, use the specific formula for parallel lines.

āš ļø Common Mistakes

  • āœ•Confusing skew lines with intersecting or parallel lines and applying the wrong formula or method.
  • āœ•Errors in calculating dot products, cross products, or magnitudes, especially with negative signs.
  • āœ•Incorrectly identifying the position vectors (a1, a2) or direction vectors (b1, b2) from the given line equations.
  • āœ•Forgetting to take the absolute value (magnitude) of the numerator in the shortest distance formula, which must be a positive length.

šŸ“ Practice Questions

See all

Q4. Let P be the foot of the perpendicular from the point (1, 2, 2) on the line L : xāˆ’11 = y+1āˆ’1 = zāˆ’22 . Let the line →r = (āˆ’^i + ^j āˆ’2^k) + Ī»(^i āˆ’^j + ^k), Ī» ∈R, intersect the line L at Q . Then 2(PQ)2 is equal to : (1) 25 (2) 19 (3) 29 (4) 27

2025Ā·MCQMedium

Q16.Let a straight line L pass through the point P(2, āˆ’1, 3) and be perpendicular to the lines xāˆ’12 = y+11 = zāˆ’3āˆ’2 and xāˆ’3 1 = yāˆ’23 = z+24 . If the line L intersects the yz -plane at the point Q , then the distance between the points P and Q is : (1) √10 (2) 2√3 (3) 2 (4) 3

2025Ā·MCQMedium

Q8. Let L1 : xāˆ’12 = yāˆ’23 = zāˆ’34 and L2 : xāˆ’23 = yāˆ’44 = zāˆ’55 be two lines. Then which of the following points lies on the line of the shortest distance between L1 and L2 ? (1) ( 143 , āˆ’3, 223 ) (2) (āˆ’53 , āˆ’7, 1) (3) (2, 3, 13 ) (4) ( 83 , āˆ’1, 13 )

2025Ā·MCQHard

Q25.Let L1 : xāˆ’13 = yāˆ’1āˆ’1 = z+10 and L2 : xāˆ’22 = 0y = z+4α , α ∈R, be two lines, which intersect at the point B. If P is the foot of perpendicular from the point A(1, 1, āˆ’1) on L2 , then the value of 26α( PB)2 is _________

2025Ā·NumericalMedium

Q14.The perpendicular distance, of the line xāˆ’1 2 = āˆ’1 = z+32 from the point P(2, āˆ’10, 1), is : (1) 6 (2) 5√2 (3) 4√3 (4) 3√5

2025Ā·MCQMedium

Q3. Let the position vectors of the vertices A, B and C of a tetrahedron ABCD be ^i + 2^j + ^k,^i + 3^j āˆ’2^k and 2^i + ^j āˆ’^k respectively. The altitude from the vertex D to the opposite face ABC meets the median line segment through A of the triangle ABC at the point E . If the length of AD is √110 and the volume of the 3 tetrahedron is √805 , then the position vector of E is 6√2 (1) 12 1 (7^i + 4^j + 3^k) (2) 12 (^i + 4^j + 7^k) (3) 1 6 (12^i + 12^j + ^k) (4) 16 (7^i + 12^j + ^k)

2025Ā·Multi conceptHard

NCERT Chapters

  • Class 12 Mathematics Ch 11: Three Dimensional Geometry