7.16 Explain how does the –OH group attached to a carbon of benzene ring activate it towards electrophilic substitution?

7.8 Ortho and para nitrophenols are more acidic than phenol. Draw the resonance structures of the corresponding phenoxide ions.

8.6 ISOMERISM isomers and this phenomenon is termed as position isomerism. For example, the The phenomenon of existence of two or more molecular formula C3H8O represents twocompounds possessing the same molecular alcohols: formula but different properties is known as isomerism. Such compounds are called OH as isomers. The following flow chart shows different types of isomerism. CH3CH2CH2OH CH3−CH-CH3 Propan-1-ol Propan-2-ol 8.6.1 Structural Isomerism Compounds having the same molecular (iii) Functional group isomerism: Two or formula but different structures (manners more compounds having the same molecular in which atoms are linked) are classified as formula but different functional groups structural isomers. Some typical examples are called functional isomers and this of different types of structural isomerism are phenomenon is termed as functional group given below: isomerism. For example, the molecular (i) Chain isomerism: When two or more formula C3H6O represents an aldehyde and compounds have similar molecular formula but a ketone: Isomerism Structural isomerism Stereoisomerism Chain Position Functional Metamerism Geometrical Optical isomerism isomerism group isomerism isomerism isomerism Reprint 2025-26 organic chemistry – some basic principles and techniques 271 in understanding the reactivity of organic O H compounds and in planning strategy for their   synthesis. CH3−C-CH3 CH3−CH2—C= O In the following sections, we shall learn Propanone Propanal some of the principles that explain how these (iv) Metamerism: It arises due to different reactions take place. alkyl chains on either side of the functional 8.7.1 Fission of a Covalent Bond group in the molecule. For example, C4H10O represents methoxypropane (CH3OC3H7) and A covalent bond can get cleaved either by : (i) ethoxyethane (C2H5OC2H5). heterolytic cleavage, or by (ii) homolytic cleavage.8.6.2 Stereoisomerism In heterolytic cleavage, the bond breaks The compounds that have the same in such a fashion that the shared pair of constitution and sequence of covalent bonds electrons remains with one of the fragments. but differ in relative positions of their atoms After heterolysis, one atom has a sextet or groups in space are called stereoisomers. electronic structure and a positive charge and This special type of isomerism is called as the other, a valence octet with at least one lone stereoisomerism and can be classified as pair and a negative charge. Thus, heterolytic geometrical and optical isomerism. + cleavage of bromomethane will give C H3 and