3.10 In a reaction between A and B, the initial rate of reaction (r0) was measured for different initial concentrations of A and B as given below: A/ mol L–1 0.20 0.20 0.40 B/ mol L–1 0.30 0.10 0.05 r0/mol L–1s–1 5.07 × 10–5 5.07 × 10–5 1.43 × 10–4 What is the order of the reaction with respect to A and B? 3.11 The following results have been obtained during the kinetic studies of the reaction: 2A + B ® C + D Experiment [A]/mol L–1 [B]/mol L–1 Initial rate of formation of D/mol L–1 min–1 I 0.1 0.1 6.0 × 10–3 II 0.3 0.2 7.2 × 10–2 III 0.3 0.4 2.88 × 10–1 IV 0.4 0.1 2.40 × 10–2 Determine the rate law and the rate constant for the reaction. 3.12 The reaction between A and B is first order with respect to A and zero order with respect to B. Fill in the blanks in the following table: Experiment [A]/ mol L–1 [B]/ mol L–1 Initial rate/ mol L–1 min–1 I 0.1 0.1 2.0 × 10–2 II – 0.2 4.0 × 10–2 III 0.4 0.4 – IV – 0.2 2.0 × 10–2 3.13 Calculate the half-life of a first order reaction from their rate constants given below: (i) 200 s–1 (ii) 2 min–1 (iii) 4 years–1 3.14 The half-life for radioactive decay of 14C is 5730 years. An archaeological artifact containing wood had only 80% of the 14C found in a living tree. Estimate the age of the sample. 3.15 The experimental data for decomposition of N2O5 [2N2O5 ® 4NO2 + O2] in gas phase at 318K are given below: t/s 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 102 × [N2O5]/ 1.63 1.36 1.14 0.93 0.78 0.64 0.53 0.43 0.35 mol L–1 (i) Plot [N2O5] against t. (ii) Find the half-life period for the reaction. (iii) Draw a graph between log[N2O5] and t. (iv) What is the rate law ? Chemistry 86 Reprint 2025-26 (v) Calculate the rate constant. (vi) Calculate the half-life period from k and compare it with (ii).

13.4 1.23 351 Reprint 2025-26 Physics 13.5 (i) Q = –4.03 MeV; endothermic (ii) Q = 4.62 MeV; exothermic 56 – 2m 28 Al = 26.90 MeV; not possible. 13.6 Q = m ( 26 Fe ) ( 13 ) 13.7 4.536 × 1026 MeV 13.8 About 4.9 × 104 y 13.9 360 KeV CHAPTER 14 14.1 (c) 14.2 (d) 14.3 (c) 14.4 (c) 14.5 (c) 14.6 50 Hz for half-wave, 100 Hz for full-wave Reprint 2025-26 Bibligraphy BIBLIOGRAPHY TEXTBOOKS For additional reading on the topics covered in this book, you may like to consult one or more of the following books. Some of these books however are more advanced and contain many more topics than this book. 1 Ordinary Level Physics, A.F. Abbott, Arnold-Heinemann (1984). 2 Advanced Level Physics, M. Nelkon and P. Parker, 6th Edition, Arnold-Heinemann (1987). 3 Advanced Physics, Tom Duncan, John Murray (2000). 4 Fundamentals of Physics, David Halliday, Robert Resnick and Jearl Walker, 7th Edition John Wily (2004). 5 University Physics (Sears and Zemansky’s), H.D. Young and R.A. Freedman, 11th Edition, Addison—Wesley (2004). 6 Problems in Elementary Physics, B. Bukhovtsa, V. Krivchenkov, G. Myakishev and V. Shalnov, MIR Publishers, (1971). 7 Lectures on Physics (3 volumes), R.P. Feynman, Addision – Wesley (1965). 8 Berkeley Physics Course (5 volumes) McGraw Hill (1965). a. Vol. 1 – Mechanics: (Kittel, Knight and Ruderman) b. Vol. 2 – Electricity and Magnetism (E.M. Purcell) c. Vol. 3 – Waves and Oscillations (Frank S. Crawford) d. Vol. 4 – Quantum Physics (Wichmann) e. Vol. 5 – Statistical Physics (F. Reif ) 9 Fundamental University Physics, M. Alonso and E. J. Finn, Addison – Wesley (1967). 10 College Physics, R.L. Weber, K.V. Manning, M.W. White and G.A. Weygand, Tata McGraw Hill (1977). 11 Physics: Foundations and Frontiers, G. Gamow and J.M. Cleveland, Tata McGraw Hill (1978). 12 Physics for the Inquiring Mind, E.M. Rogers, Princeton University Press (1960). 13 PSSC Physics Course, DC Heath and Co. (1965) Indian Edition, 14 Physics Advanced Level, Jim Breithampt, Stanley Thornes Publishers (2000). 15 Physics, Patrick Fullick, Heinemann (2000). 16 Conceptual Physics, Paul G. Hewitt, Addision—Wesley (1998). 17 College Physics, Raymond A. Serway and Jerry S. Faughn, Harcourt Brace and Co. (1999). 18 University Physics, Harris Benson, John Wiley (1996). 19 University Physics, William P. Crummet and Arthur B. Western, Wm.C. Brown (1994). 20 General Physics, Morton M. Sternheim and Joseph W. Kane, John Wiley (1988). 21 Physics, Hans C. Ohanian, W.W. Norton (1989). Reprint 2025-26 Physics 22 Advanced Physics, Keith Gibbs, Cambridge University Press (1996). 23 Understanding Basic Mechanics, F. Reif, John Wiley (1995). 24 College Physics, Jerry D. Wilson and Anthony J. Buffa, Prentice Hall (1997). 25 Senior Physics, Part – I, I.K. Kikoin and A.K. Kikoin, MIR Publishers (1987). 26 Senior Physics, Part – II, B. Bekhovtsev, MIR Publishers (1988). 27 Understanding Physics, K. Cummings, Patrick J. Cooney, Priscilla W. Laws and Edward F. Redish, John Wiley (2005). 28 Essentials of Physics, John D. Cutnell and Kenneth W. Johnson, John Wiley (2005). GENERAL BOOKS For instructive and entertaining general reading on science, you may like to read some of the following books. Remember however, that many of these books are written at a level far beyond the level of the present book. 1 Mr. Tompkins in paperback, G. Gamow, Cambridge University Press (1967). 2 The Universe and Dr. Einstein, C. Barnett, Time Inc. New York (1962). 3 Thirty years that Shook Physics, G. Gamow, Double Day, New York (1966). 4 Surely You’re Joking, Mr. Feynman, R.P. Feynman, Bantam books (1986). 5 One, Two, Three… Infinity, G. Gamow, Viking Inc. (1961). 6 The Meaning of Relativity, A. Einstein, (Indian Edition) Oxford and IBH Pub. Co. (1965). 7 Atomic Theory and the Description of Nature, Niels Bohr, Cambridge (1934). 8 The Physical Principles of Quantum Theory, W. Heisenberg, University of Chicago Press (1930). 9 The Physics—Astronomy Frontier, F. Hoyle and J.V. Narlikar, W.H. Freeman (1980). 10 The Flying Circus of Physics with Answer, J. Walker, John Wiley and Sons (1977). 11 Physics for Everyone (series), L.D. Landau and A.I. Kitaigorodski, MIR Publisher (1978). Book 1: Physical Bodies Book 2: Molecules Book 3: Electrons Book 4: Photons and Nuclei. 12 Physics can be Fun, Y. Perelman, MIR Publishers (1986). 13 Power of Ten, Philip Morrison and Eames, W.H. Freeman (1985). 14 Physics in your Kitchen Lab., I.K. Kikoin, MIR Publishers (1985). 15 How Things Work: The Physics of Everyday Life, Louis A. Bloomfield, John Wiley (2005). 16 Physics Matters: An Introduction to Conceptual Physics, James Trefil and Robert M. Hazen, John Wiley (2004). 354 Reprint 2025-26

14.3 Carbon, silicon and germanium have four valence electrons each. These are characterised by valence and conduction bands separated 341 Reprint 2025-26 Physics by energy band gap respectively equal to (Eg)C, (Eg)Si and (Eg)Ge. Which of the following statements is true? (a) (Eg)Si < (Eg)Ge < (Eg)C (b) (Eg)C < (Eg)Ge > (Eg)Si (c) (Eg)C > (Eg)Si > (Eg)Ge (d) (Eg)C = (Eg)Si = (Eg)Ge 14.4 In an unbiased p-n junction, holes diffuse from the p-region to n-region because (a) free electrons in the n-region attract them. (b) they move across the junction by the potential difference. (c) hole concentration in p-region is more as compared to n-region. (d) All the above. 14.5 When a forward bias is applied to a p-n junction, it (a) raises the potential barrier. (b) reduces the majority carrier current to zero. (c) lowers the potential barrier. (d) None of the above. 14.6 In half-wave rectification, what is the output frequency if the input frequency is 50 Hz. What is the output frequency of a full-wave rectifier for the same input frequency. Reprint 2025-26 Notes Reprint 2025-26 Physics APPENDICES APPENDIX A 1 THE GREEK ALPHABET APPENDIX A 2 COMMON SI PREFIXES AND SYMBOLS FOR MULTIPLES AND SUB-MULTIPLES Reprint 2025-26 AppendicesAnswers APPENDIX A 3 SOME IMPORTANT CONSTANTS OTHER USEFUL CONSTANTS 345 Reprint 2025-26 Physics ANSWERS CHAPTER 9 9.1 v = –54 cm. The image is real, inverted and magnified. The size of the image is 5.0 cm. As u ® f, v ® ¥; for u < f, image is virtual. 9.2 v = 6.7 cm. Magnification = 5/9, i.e., the size of the image is 2.5 cm. As u ® ¥; v ® f (but never beyond) while m ® 0. 9.3 1.33; 1.7 cm 9.4 nga = 1.51; nwa = 1.32; ngw = 1.144; which gives sin r = 0.6181 i.e., r ~ 38°. 9.5 r = 0.8 × tan ic and sin ci = 1/1.33 ≅ 0.75 , where r is the radius (in m) of the largest circle from which light comes out and ic is the critical angle for water-air interface, Area = 2.6 m2 9.6 n ≅ 1.53 and Dm for prism in water ≅ 10° 9.7 R = 22 cm 9.8 Here the object is virtual and the image is real. u = +12 cm (object on right; virtual) (a) f = +20 cm. Image is real and at 7.5 cm from the lens on its right side. (b) f = –16 cm. Image is real and at 48 cm from the lens on its right side. 9.9 v = 8.4 cm, image is erect and virtual. It is diminished to a size 1.8 cm. As u ® ¥, v ® f (but never beyond f while m ® 0). Note that when the object is placed at the focus of the concave lens (21 cm), the image is located at 10.5 cm (not at infinity as one might wrongly think). 9.10 A diverging lens of focal length 60 cm 9.11 (a) ve = –25 cm and fe = 6.25 cm give ue = –5 cm; vO = (15 – 5) cm = 10 cm, fO = uO = – 2.5 cm; Magnifying power = 20 (b) uO = – 2.59 cm. Magnifying power = 13.5. 9.12 Angular magnification of the eye-piece for image at 25 cm 25 25   1  11; | u e |= cm = 2 .27cm ; vO = 7.2 cm 2.5 11 Separation = 9.47 cm; Magnifying power = 88 9.13 24; 150 cm 9.14 (a) Angular magnification = 1500 346 (b) Diameter of the image = 13.7 cm. Reprint 2025-26 Answers