8.17 Complete each synthesis by giving missing starting material, reagent or products

8.4 Classification of Organic (homocyclic). Compounds The existing large number of organic compounds and their ever -increasing numbers has made it necessary to classify them on the basis of their structures. Organic Cyclopropane Cyclohexane Cyclohexene compounds are broadly classified as follows: Sometimes atoms other than carbon are also present in the ring (heterocylic). Tetrahydrofuran given below is an example of this type of compound: Tetrahydrofuran These exhibit some of the properties similar to those of aliphatic compounds. (b) Aromatic compounds Aromatic compounds are special types of compounds. You will learn about these compounds in detail in Unit 9. These include benzene and other related ring compounds (benzenoid). Like alicyclic compounds, aromatic comounds may also have hetero atom in the ring. Such compounds are called I. Acyclic or open chain compounds hetrocyclic aromatic compounds. Some of the examples of various types of aromatic These compounds are also called as aliphatic compounds are: compounds and consist of straight or branched chain compounds, for example: Benzenoid aromatic compounds CH3CH3 Ethane Isobutane Benzene Aniline Naphthalene Non-benzenoid compound Acetaldehyde Acetic acid II Cyclic or closed chain or ring compounds (a) Alicyclic compounds Tropone Alicyclic (aliphatic cyclic) compounds contain carbon atoms joined in the form of a ring Reprint 2025-26 262 chemistry Heterocyclic aromatic compounds so because it is found in citrus fruits and the acid found in red ant is named formic acid since the Latin word for ant is formica. These names are traditional and are considered as trivial or common names. Some common Furan Thiophene Pyridine names are followed even today. For example, Organic compounds can also be classified Buckminsterfullerene is a common name on the basis of functional groups, into families given to the newly discovered C60 cluster (a or homologous series. form of carbon) noting its structural similarity to the geodesic domes popularised by the8.4.1 Functional Group famous architect R. Buckminster Fuller. The functional group is an atom or a group Common names are useful and in many of atoms joined to the carbon chain which is cases indispensable, particularly when the responsible for the characteristic chemical alternative systematic names are lengthy and properties of the organic compounds. The complicated. Common names of some organic examples are hydroxyl group (–OH), aldehyde compounds are given in Table 8.1. group (–CHO) and carboxylic acid group (– COOH) etc. Table 8.1 Common or Trivial Names of Some Organic Compounds 8.4.2 Homologous Series A group or a series of organic compounds each containing a characteristic functional group forms a homologous series and the members of the series are called homologues. The members of a homologous series can be represented by general molecular formula and the successive members differ from each other in molecular formula by a –Ch2 unit. There are a number of homologous series of organic compounds. Some of these are alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, haloalkanes, alkanols, alkanals, alkanones, alkanoic acids, amines etc. It is also possible that a compound contains two or more identical or different functional groups. This gives rise to polyfunctional compounds.

1.1 Define the term solution. How many types of solutions are formed? Write briefly about each type with an example.