2.5 A parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates has a capacitance of 8 pF (1pF = 10–12 F). What will be the capacitance if the distance between the plates is reduced by half, and the space between them is filled with a substance of dielectric constant 6?

2.13 EFFECT OF DIELECTRIC ON CAPACITANCE With the understanding of the behaviour of dielectrics in an external field developed in Section 2.10, let us see how the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is modified when a dielectric is present. As before, we have two large plates, each of area A, separated by a distance d. The charge on the plates is ±Q, corresponding to the charge density ±s (with s = Q/A). When there is vacuum between the plates, σ E 0 = ε0 69 Reprint 2025-26 Physics and the potential difference V0 is V0 = E0d The capacitance C0 in this case is Q A C 0 = = ε0 (2.46) V 0 d Consider next a dielectric inserted between the plates fully occupying the intervening region. The dielectric is polarised by the field and, as explained in Section 2.10, the effect is equivalent to two charged sheets (at the surfaces of the dielectric normal to the field) with surface charge densities sp and –sp. The electric field in the dielectric then corresponds to the case when the net surface charge density on the plates is ±(s – sp). That is, σ − σP E = (2.47) ε0 so that the potential difference across the plates is σ − σP V = E d = d (2.48) ε0 For linear dielectrics, we expect sp to be proportional to E0, i.e., to s. Thus, (s – sp) is proportional to s and we can write σ σ − σP = (2.49) K where K is a constant characteristic of the dielectric. Clearly, K > 1. We then have σd Qd V = = (2.50) ε0 K Aε0 K The capacitance C, with dielectric between the plates, is then Q ε0KA C = = (2.51) V d The product e0K is called the permittivity of the medium and is denoted by e e = e0 K (2.52) For vacuum K = 1 and e = e0; e0 is called the permittivity of the vacuum. The dimensionless ratio ε K = (2.53) ε0 is called the dielectric constant of the substance. As remarked before, from Eq. (2.49), it is clear that K is greater than 1. From Eqs. (2.46) and (2. 51) C K = (2.54) C 0 Thus, the dielectric constant of a substance is the factor (>1) by which the capacitance increases from its vacuum value, when the dielectric is 70 inserted fully between the plates of a capacitor. Though we arrived at Reprint 2025-26 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Eq. (2.54) for the case of a parallel plate capacitor, it holds good for any type of capacitor and can, in fact, be viewed in general as a definition of the dielectric constant of a substance. Example 2.8 A slab of material of dielectric constant K has the same area as the plates of a parallel-plate capacitor but has a thickness (3/4)d, where d is the separation of the plates. How is the capacitance changed when the slab is inserted between the plates? Solution Let E0 = V0/d be the electric field between the plates when there is no dielectric and the potential difference is V0. If the dielectric is now inserted, the electric field in the dielectric will be E = E0/K. The potential difference will then be 1 E 0 3 V = E 0 ( d ) + ( d ) 4 K 4 1 3 K + 3 = E 0 d ( + ) = V 0 4 4 K 4 K The potential difference decreases by the factor (K + 3)/4K while the free charge Q0 on the plates remains unchanged. The capacitance thus increases EXAMPLE Q 0 4 K Q 0 4 K C = = = C 0 V K + 3 V 0 K + 3 2.8

2.6 Three capacitors each of capacitance 9 pF are connected in series. (a) What is the total capacitance of the combination? (b) What is the potential difference across each capacitor if the combination is connected to a 120 V supply?